|
The Tajikistani Civil War ((タジク語:''Ҷанги шаҳрвандии Тоҷикистон'')) began in May 1992 when ethnic groups from the Garm and Gorno-Badakhshan regions, which were underrepresented in the ruling elite, rose up against the national government of President Rahmon Nabiyev, in which people from the Leninabad and Kulyab regions dominated. Politically, the discontented groups were represented by liberal democratic reformists〔(Дубовицкий, Виктор. Особенности этнической и конфессиональной ситуации в Республике Таджикистан. Февраль 2003 )〕 and Islamists, who fought together and later organized under the banner of the United Tajik Opposition. By June 1997 from 50,000-100,000 people had been killed.〔''Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia, page 8''. Ahmed Rashid〕〔''(Political Construction Sites: Nation-building in Russia and the Post-Soviet States )'', page 76〕 President Emomalii Rahmon, United Tajik Opposition (UTO) leader Sayid Abdulloh Nuri and Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General Gerd Merrem signed the "General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord in Tajikistan" and the "Moscow Protocol" on 27 June 1997 in Moscow, Russia, ending the war.〔(Tajikistan Civil War ) Global Security〕 ==Background== (詳細はRahmon Nabiyev and Speaker of the Supreme Soviet Safarali Kenjayev orchestrated the dispersal of weapons to pro-government militias, while the opposition turned to rebels in Afghanistan for military aid. Fighting broke out in May 1992 between old-guard supporters of the government and a loosely organized opposition composed of ethnic and regional groups from the Garm and Gorno-Badakhshan areas (the latter were also known as Pamiris). Ideologically, the opposition included democratic liberal reformists and Islamists. The government, on the other hand, was dominated by people from the Leninabadi region, which had also made up most of the ruling elite during the entire Soviet period. It was also supported by people from the Kulyab region, who had held high posts in the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Soviet times. After many clashes, the Leninabadis were forced to accept a compromise and a new coalition government was formed, incorporating members of the opposition and eventually dominated by them.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Department Sozialwissenschaften : Institut für Politische Wissenschaft : Arbeits- und Forschungsstellen : Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kriegsursachenforschung : Kriege-Archiv : ... VMO : 208 Tadschikistan (BK) | Bewaffneter Konflikt in Tadschikistan 1992-1998 und 1998-2001 (Universität Hamburg) )〕 On 7 September 1992, Nabiyev was captured by opposition protesters and forced at gunpoint to resign his presidency.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tajikistan - Government )〕 Chaos and fighting between the opposing factions reigned outside of the capital Dushanbe. With the aid of the Russian military and Uzbekistan, the Leninabadi-Kulyabi Popular Front forces routed the opposition in early and late 1992. The coalition government in the capital was forced to resign. In December 1992 the Supreme Soviet (parliament), where the Leninabadi-Kulyabi faction had held the majority of seats all along, convened and elected a new government under the leadership of Emomali Rahmonov, representing a shift in power from the old power based in Leninabad to the militias from Kulyab, from which Rahmonov came.〔''Between Marx and Muhammad''. Dilip Hiro.〕〔''The Resurgence of Central Asia''. Ahmed Rashid〕 The height of hostilities occurred from 1992–93 and pitted Kulyabi militias against an array of groups, including militants from the Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IRP) and ethnic minority Pamiris from Gorno-Badakhshan. In large part due to the foreign support they received, the Kulyabi militias were able to soundly defeat opposition forces and went on what has been described by Human Rights Watch as an ethnic cleansing campaign against Pamiris and Garmis.〔(Human Rights Watch Press Backgrounder on Tajikistan ) Human Rights Watch〕 The campaign was concentrated in areas south of the capital and included the murder of prominent individuals, mass killings, the burning of villages and the expulsion of the Pamiri and Garmi population into Afghanistan. The violence was particularly concentrated in Qurghonteppa, the power base of the IRP and home to many Garmis. Tens of thousands were killed or fled to Afghanistan.〔〔〔(Tajikistan: Refugee reintegration and conflict prevention ) Open Society Institute〕〔(Human Rights Watch World Report: Tajikistan ) Human Rights Watch〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tajikistani Civil War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|